ABSTRACT The forest of Araucaria araucana ("pewen" in Mapuche language), with its associated species of the genus Nothofagus, is unique from an evolutionary, biological and sociocultural point of view. Due to the interdependence and interrelation with the Mapuche-Pewenche people, it is considered a biocultural ecosystem. This work is a comprehensive binational review of current scientific information applicable to its management and conservation. The scientific community contributed with significant advances in the knowledge of: a) the interrelationships within and significance of this biocultural ecosystem; b) the regional genetic diversity; c) the fire regimen, its main drivers, its role in forest dynamics, and the recovery capacity of biodiversity in the face of different burn severities; d) the ecological role of seed production and its unusual interactions with granivorous fauna and cavity nesters; e) the decline and death of the canopy, due to environmental stress and the emergence of new pewen pathogens; f) the consequences of the invasion of pines and exotic mammals that alter the biological interactions and the original ecological processes, and g) the effects of cattle ranching and overexploitation of firewood and pine nuts on ecological integrity and biodiversity. This knowledge is considered essential to strengthen policies and strategies for protection, conservation, and management of this ecosystem, which is endemic, rare, regionally threatened, and globally declared endangered. Considering the identified problems, it is imperative to achieve social empowerment of the Mapuche-Pehuenche people, intercultural respect, and enforcing public policies for the conservation and sustainable use of these forests.

RESUMEN El bosque de Araucaria araucana (“pewén” en lengua Mapuche), con sus especies asociadas del género Nothofagus, es singular desde el punto de vista evolutivo, biológico y sociocultural. Por la interdependencia con el pueblo Mapuche-Pewenche, se lo considera un ecosistema biocultural. Este trabajo es una revisión integral binacional de información científica actualizada aplicable a su gestión y conservación. La comunidad científica avanzó significativamente en el conocimiento de: a) la interrelación y significancia del ecosistema biocultural; b) la diversidad genética regional; c) el régimen de incendios, sus factores determinantes, su rol en el bosque y la capacidad de recuperación de la biodiversidad frente a distintas severidades de quema; d) el rol ecológico de la producción de semillas y sus interacciones con la fauna granívora y nidificadora de cavidades; e) el decaimiento y muerte del dosel debido al estrés ambiental y al surgimiento de nuevos patógenos del pewén; f) las consecuencias de la invasión de pinos y de mamíferos exóticos que alteran las interacciones biológicas y los procesos ecológicos originales y; g) los efectos de la ganadería y la sobreexplotación de leña y piñones sobre la integridad ecológica y la biodiversidad. Este conocimiento se considera fundamental para fortalecer políticas y estrategias de protección, conservación y gestión de este ecosistema endémico, escaso, amenazado regional y globalmente declarado en peligro. Frente a las problemáticas identificadas, es imperioso lograr el empoderamiento social del pueblo Mapuche-Pehuenche, el respeto intercultural y la efectivización de las políticas públicas para la conservación y uso sustentable de este ecosistema biocultural.

Resumen Los bioles son bioinsumos obtenidos de la digestión anaeróbica de materia orgánica, que surgen como una alternativa económica y de bajo impacto para la agricultura. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los bioles obtenidos de: la producción de biogás (Biog), elaborado para la nutrición vegetal con base en la FAO (Bfao), y de una fermentación láctica (Blac), para utilizarse como bioestimulantes en lechuga y tomate. Sobre la base del análisis de toxicidad, la dilución al 10% fue seleccionada para aplicarse en las plantas. En lechuga, Bfao y Blac incrementaron significativamente la biomasa aérea (2,17 ±0,54 y 2,33 ±1,13 g respec tivamente), referente al control (1,16 ±0,60 g), mientras que la biomasa radical presentó mayores valores solo en Bfao (1,60 ±0,44 g), comparado al control (0,66 ±0,34 g). Los bioles incrementaron el contenido de clorofila (CCI), mientras que los índices de rendimiento (Fv/Fm) y de desempeño (Plabs) no se diferenciaron del control. En tomate, solo la biomasa aérea fue significativamente mayor en Bfao, todos los bioinsumos incrementaron signifi cativamente CCI, mientras que Fv/Fm solo por Bfao y Blac, y PIabs no mostró diferencias respecto al control. En ambos, lechuga y tomate el fertilizante comercial fue el tratamiento con mayores valores, sin embargo, todos los bioinsumos estimularon el crecimiento vegetal. El mayor efecto fue producido por Bfao, seguido de Blac y Biog, siendo una alternativa adecuada para una producción vegetal económica, segura y con menor impacto.

Abstract Bioslurries, obtained by anaerobic digestion of fresh organic matter, are emerging as a cheaper and low-impact alternative for synthetic products in agriculture. The aim of this study was to evaluate bioslurry obtained from biogas digestion (Biog), bioslurry for plant nutrition by FAO (Bfao), and lactic fermentation (Blac) as biostimulant in tomato and lettuce plants. Based on a toxicity test, a 10% dilution was finally applied to the plants. In lettuce, Bfao and Blac significantly increased aerial biomass (2.17 ±0.54 and 2.33 ±1.13 g respectively), regarding water control (1.16 ±0.60 g), while root biomass was only increased by Bfao (1.60 ±0.44 g) compared to control (0.66 ±0.34 g). All digestates increased chlorophyll content index (CCI), while yield (Fv/Fm) and performance index (Plabs) did not show differences with water control. In tomato, only aerial biomass was significantly increased by Bfao. All digestates significantly increased CCI, while Fv/Fm was only significantly higher in Bfao and Blac, related to water control. PIabs showed no differences. In both plant species, commercial fertilizer showed significantly higher values for all parameters. In conclusion, all digestates stimulated plant growth, Bfao showed the highest effect on tomatoes and lettuce biomass followed by Blac and Biog, being a cheaper, safer and lower-impact alternative for traditional products for crop growing.

This paper reports the first finding of Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs in Canis familiaris (domestic dog) from Puerto Iguazú, a subtropical city of Misiones province, Argentina. In 2013, two positive cases of Diphyllobothrium sp. eggs were detected during an annual parasitological survey of dogs. Dog feces were collected in vials containing 10 % formalin and processed using Telemann's sedimentation and Sheather's flotation techniques. The two cases were detected in rural areas of the municipality. Since Misiones is not a part of the endemic area of diphyllobothriasis and given the fact that it is located in the three-border area of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, we consider this finding of great importance to public health. We stress the need for updating the current knowledge about the life cycle of these parasites considering the range of intermediate and definitive hosts, their zoonotic potential, and the epidemiological situation in non-endemic areas.

En este trabajo se informa el hallazgo de huevos de Diphyllobothrium sp. en ejemplares de Canis familiaris (perro doméstico) de Puerto Iguazú, una ciudad subtropical de la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Durante 2013, en el marco de un relevamiento de la fauna parasitológica de los perros de Puerto Iguazú, se detectaron dos casos positivos en la búsqueda de huevos de Diphyllobothrium sp. La materia fecal de los perros fue recolectada en frascos con formol al 10 % y procesada mediante las técnicas de sedimentación de Telemann y de flotación de Sheather. Dado que Misiones no forma parte de la zona endémica de difilobotriasis y considerando, además, su ubicación fronteriza, este hallazgo reviste gran importancia para la salud pública. Se señala la necesidad de actualizar el estado de conocimiento sobre el ciclo de vida de estos parásitos identificando el rango de hospederos intermediarios y definitivos, su potencial zoonótico y la situación epidemiológica en áreas no endémicas.

Surtos de micobactérias de crescimento rápido têm sido relatados ocasionalmente. O estudo relata um surto de abscessos cutâneos por Mycobacterium chelonae após sessões de mesoterapia em Lima, Peru. De dezembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2005, 35 pessoas que haviam passado por sessões de mesoterapia apresentaram esses abscessos cutâneos. Treze (37%) desses casos suspeitos concordaram em realizar exames clínicos. Foram realizadas biópsias de punção de pele de lesões suspeitas e examinadas substâncias injetadas durante a mesoterapia. Os casos suspeitos eram predominantemente mulheres jovens e as lesões incluíram nódulos subcutâneos, abscessos e úlceras. Mycobacterium chelonae foi isolada de quatro pacientes e de um frasco de procaína. Em conclusão, é importante considerar a mesoterapia como fonte potencial de infecções de micobactérias de crescimento rápido.

Outbreaks of rapidly growing mycobacteria have been occasionally described. The article reports an outbreak of cutaneous abscesses due to Mycobacterium chelonae following mesotherapy in Lima, Peru. From December 2004 through January 2005, 35 subjects who had participated in mesotherapy training sessions presented with persistent cutaneous abscesses. Thirteen (37%) of these suspected cases consented to underwent clinical examination. Skin punch-biopsies were collected from suspicious lesions and substances injected during mesotherapy were analyzed. Suspected cases were mainly young women and lesions included subcutaneous nodules, abscesses and ulcers. Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from four patients and from a procaine vial. In conclusion, it is important to consider mesotherapy as a potential source of rapidly growing mycobacteria infections.

Surtos de micobactérias de crescimento rápido têm sido relatados ocasionalmente. O estudo relata um surto de abscessos cutâneos por Mycobacterium chelonae após sessões de mesoterapia em Lima, Peru. De dezembro de 2004 a janeiro de 2005, 35 pessoas que haviam passado por sessões de mesoterapia apresentaram esses abscessos cutâneos. Treze (37%) desses casos suspeitos concordaram em realizar exames clínicos. Foram realizadas biópsias de punção de pele de lesões suspeitas e examinadas substâncias injetadas durante a mesoterapia. Os casos suspeitos eram predominantemente mulheres jovens e as lesões incluíram nódulos subcutâneos, abscessos e úlceras. Mycobacterium chelonae foi isolada de quatro pacientes e de um frasco de procaína. Em conclusão, é importante considerar a mesoterapia como fonte potencial de infecções de micobactérias de crescimento rápido.

Outbreaks of rapidly growing mycobacteria have been occasionally described. The article reports an outbreak of cutaneous abscesses due to Mycobacterium chelonae following mesotherapy in Lima, Peru. From December 2004 through January 2005, 35 subjects who had participated in mesotherapy training sessions presented with persistent cutaneous abscesses. Thirteen (37%) of these suspected cases consented to underwent clinical examination. Skin punch-biopsies were collected from suspicious lesions and substances injected during mesotherapy were analyzed. Suspected cases were mainly young women and lesions included subcutaneous nodules, abscesses and ulcers. Mycobacterium chelonae was isolated from four patients and from a procaine vial. In conclusion, it is important to consider mesotherapy as a potential source of rapidly growing mycobacteria infections.

Objective: To determine the increment of the density of D. folliculorum as well as to describe clinical features in patients with rosacea. Material and methods: A case control study was performed comprising 42 patients and 42 controls, to describe the presence and density of colonization by D. folliculorum. The study in the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia from March to September, 2004, using a technique by Tello. Results: D. folliculorum was found in the 42 patients with rosacea (100%), and in 13 (31.0%) of the group control. Conclusions: Presence of D. folliculorum was most frequent in the patients with rosacea. The exposure to cats, raising of rodents and pig, presence of seborrhea and use of topic corticosteroids were more frequent in rosacea patients.(Rev Med Hered 2007;18:15-21).

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de demodicidosis y sus características clínicas en pacientes con rosácea. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles en 42 pacientes con rosácea y 42 controles para describir la presencia y densidad de D. folliculorum. El estudio se realizó en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia entre marzo y setiembre del 2004, utilizándose la técnica de Tello. Resultados: Demodex folliculorum fue encontrado en los 42 pacientes con rosácea (100%) y en 13 (31,0%) del grupo control, (p= 0,000). La exposición a gatos, la crianza de roedores y cerdos, la seborrea y el uso de corticoides tópicos fueron mas frecuentes en los pacientes con rosácea. Conclusiones: La presencia de Demodex folliculorum fue más frecuente en los pacientes con rosácea. (Rev Med Hered 2007;18:15-21).